Petachia of Regensburg: A Medieval Ashkenazi Jew Travels to the East
๐บ๏ธ Petachia, from a Tosafist family, traveled overland through Eastern Europe to reach Babylonia (Iraq) and the Land of Israel, leaving behind notes, heavily worked by later hands, about his travels.
Youโre reading Stories from Jewish History, a weekly newsletter exploring Jewish thinkers, events, and artifacts, from the famous to the obscure. We continue our exploration of Jewish aliyah to the Land of Israel in the premodern era with R. Petachia of Regensburg, who might be called the Ashkenazi Binyamin of Tudela. Below, weโll take a look at his particular goals for his travels, the way the account of his adventures came together, and the many details he preserved about Jewish holy sites in Crusader Eretz Yisrael.

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Joshua Prawer, the distinguished historian of the Crusader kingdoms of the Land of Israel, counts ten travel narratives, of varying lengths, attesting to Jewish life in the Crusader period.1 Of these, the account of Binyamin of Tudela is one, and our subject today, the account of R. Petachia of Regensburg, is another. That is to say, they are part of a group of extant travel narratives, themselves but the survivors of the larger phenomenon of Jewish travel to the Land of Israel. Presumably, few travelers both wrote down their tales and were fortunate enough to have their accounts preserved. R. Petachia is one such notable writer.
Petachia and his Sivuv
R. Petachia of Regensburg in Germany (also called in Hebrew Ratisbon or in French Ratisbonne) is known to have come from a family of Tosafists, the company of scholars who produced the dialectical Talmud commentary that now flanks the far side of the Talmud text on the daf (page)โand has since its first printing. Petachiaโs brother was R. Yitzchak ha-Lavan (โthe Whiteโ), a Tosafist who studied under, among others, the famed Rabbenu Tam, grandson of Rashi, in France. (It has been suggested that R. Yitzchak, or perhaps their father R. Yaakov, also a Tosafist, got the moniker โha-Lavanโ from the similar-sounding River Elbe, or else from his white-haired visage). Both brothers were active in Regensburg and Prague during different periods of their lives, and are sometimes known as Bohemians.
Around the year 1175, R. Petachia, who was a person of means, departed from Prague on a journey to pray at the graves of notable Jews, particularly Biblical figures, in the East. He traveled overland through Poland and the Kievan Rusโ (Ruthenia) down through the Crimea into Tartary, Khazaria (about which, see here), Ukraine (which Petachia called Kedar), Armenia, and Kurdistan. These locations, for which we have relatively few Jewish sources and are of great historical interest, are not treated in any detail in the account. Rather, the narrative of R. Petachiaโs travels concentrates on his experiences in Babylonia (Iraq) and in the Land of Israel, including his visiting of graves and holy sites as well as remarks about contemporary Jewish communities. He seems to have returned to Europe by sea, sailing to Greece and then proceeding by land back to Prague, eventually reaching Regensburg.

It was in Regensburg, that R. Petachia must have dictated, likely from notes he had taken during the journey, his adventures to his trusted friend, R. Yehuda he-Chasid of the Chasidei Ashkenaz, a pietistic movement that grew up in Germany following the First Crusade violence that decimated medieval Ashkenazi communities. This is made clear by the third-person narration in the account; the writer of the version we have today is identified by a third voice as R. Yehuda he-Chasid. Whether, as Prawer suggests, the third editor was present during the oral history-taking, or whether he simply had before him a written version of R. Petachiaโs account, he shows himself in a section of the text in which Petachia encounters a master astrologer in Nineveh (Mosul). The astrologer, one R. Shlomo, revealed to Petachia the date of the coming of the mashiach (messiah), โbut Rabbi Yehuda he-Chasid would not write it down lest he be suspected of being a believer of the word of R. Shlomoโ (ืืื ืจโ ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืชืื ืคื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืจโ ืฉืืื).
As such, the version that we possess of R. Petachiaโs travels, known by the title Sivuv (Circuit), given to it by its first printer (Prague, 1595), is a heavily edited text. To make matters more complicated, the manuscript witnesses are relatively few and late, and present variant editions. Nevertheless, the Sivuv is substantial and chock-full of historical and geographical details that we are hard-pressed to find elsewhere. It remains a treasure of Jewish travel literature, particularly to the Land of Israel.
Reports on the Jewish Communities of the East
R. Petachia must have recorded a large amount of material about Jewish Babylonia (Iraq), especially Jewish society in Baghdad, or at any rate Yehuda he-Chasid chose to emphasize this material. The institutions of the exilarch and of the yeshivot (academies) continued to function in Baghdad, despite the reduction of their scope of influence.
A characteristic aspect of Petachiaโs narrative may be seen in his description of Yechezkel (Ezekiel)โs grave:
ืืจ' ืคืชืืื ืืื ืขื ืงืืจ ืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืขืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืคืื ืืื ื ืืืจืขืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืื. ืืืื ื ืจืื ืืขืื ืื ืจืืืง ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืขืื ืื ืื ืชื ื ืขื ืงืืจ ืืืืงืื. ืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืฉืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ืงืืจ ืืืืงืื ืื ืืชื ืืชื ื ืื ืืื ืืืืืงืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืชืคืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืชื ืื ืื ืืื, ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืข ืืืจื ืืืื ืืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืงืืจ ืืืืงืื ืขื ื ืืจ ืกืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืืงืื ืืคืงืื ืืืกื ืื ืฉืื ืืคืฅ ืืืืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืงืื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืคืฅ ืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืงืืชื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืจืงืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื, ืืืื ืฉื ืกืคืจืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืจืงืื ืืื ืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืกืืจืื ืืขืืืจืื, ืืื ืืชืคืืจืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืงืื. ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืคืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืงืืจื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืืขืืื, ืืืคื ืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืขื ืืงืืจ ืกืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืจืื ืืืืืชื, ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืจืืฉื ืืืชืคืื ืืืืขืื ืขืฉืื ืืืคื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืคื' ืืงืืคื' ืืืคื ื' ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืคื ืืื. ืืฉืืฉื ื ืืจืืช ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืงื' ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืืืงืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืฉืื ื ืืจืืช. ืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืขื ืงืืจื ืืืืชืื ืคืจื ืกืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืื, ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืขื ืงืืจื ืืชืงื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืฉืฆืจืื ืชืงืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืืืคืจื ืกืื ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืคืจื ืก.
Rabbi Petachia went to the grave of Ezekiel, and took with him gold, and gold grains, and the grains fell from his hands, and he said: my Lord Ezekiel, for thy honour have I come, and now the grains have dropped from my hands and are lost. Wherever they may be they are thine. And he saw what in the distance looked like a star. He thought it might be a precious stone. He then went there in that direction, and found the grains, and placed them on the tomb of Ezekiel. Every Ishmaelite [Muslim] that goes in pilgrimage to the tomb of Mahomet [Muhammad] takes his way past the tomb of Ezekiel and makes some present or free-will offering to Ezekiel, making a bow and praying; our Lord Ezekiel, if I return I will give thee such and such a thing. The journey by way of the desert takes forty days from the tomb of Ezekiel to the Sambation. Whoever wishes to go to a distant land deposits his purse, or his valuables, with Ezekiel, saying: our Lord Ezekiel, take charge of this valuable for me until I return, and let nobody take it but the rightful heir. And many purses with money lie there rotting because they have lain there many years. There were at one time books there, and a worthless person wished to carry away one of the books, but could not, for pain and blindness seized him; therefore, everyone fears Ezekiel. Whoever has not seen the beautiful large structure over his grave has never seen a fine building. It is overlaid inside with gold. Over the grave of lime, is a structure of cedar wood, which is gilded; the eye never saw the like. There are windows in it high as a man, and round the lime, through which people pass their heads and pray. At the top is a large cupola of gold, and beautiful carpets cover the inside. There are also in it beautiful glass vases, and thirty lamps fed with olive oil burn there day and night. They are supplied with oil paid for out of the gifts deposited for the lighting of the thirty lamps. There are about two hundred overseers appointed for the administration of the gifts deposited on this grave, who discharge their office one after the other. From the money deposited on this grave, the synagogue requiring repair is repaired, orphans receive marriage portions, and destitute disciples are supported.
Ed. Grรผnhut, pp. 14-16; trans. Adler, pp. 75-76.
Notice the multicultural nature of visits to Yechezkelโs tomb, the grandeur of its upkeep, and the many folk rituals surrounding it. Here, not uncharacteristically, Petachia combines fantastical elements, such as the mythical river known from rabbinic literature as the Sambatyon, with factual descriptions of pilgrimage.
Petachiaโs Experiences in Eretz Yisrael
R. Petachia speaks of Jerusalem as being under Christian rule, which indicates that he was there before 1187, when Salah al-Din (Saladin) captured it and reestablished Muslim rule. This means that he was in the Land of Israel only several years, perhaps up to a decade or so, later than R. Binyamin of Tudela. However, we already see in Petachiaโs descriptions some changed, sometimes much-changed, circumstances. Whereas Binyamin found in Jerusalem a relatively robust Jewish community, Petachia reports, โThe only Jew there is Rabbi Abraham, the dyer, and he pays a heavy tax to the king to be permitted to remain there.โ (ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืจโ ืืืจืื ืืฆืืข, ืืืืฉ ื ืืชื ืืก ืจืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉื). In Binyaminโs telling, numerous Jerusalemite Jews worked as dyers, and paid for the exclusive right to this profession collectively to the king.
The small size of Eretz Yisrael is attested by Petachia: โThe circuit of the land of Israel may be made in about three daysโ (ืืืืจ ืจโ ืคืชืืื ืฉืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืโ ืืืื). He demonstrates both a deep curiosity to confirm the sites mentioned in Tanach as well as a willingness to admit that they are no longer attested:
ืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืขืฉื. ืื ืฆืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืืืฉืข ืื ืจืื.
The rabbi [Petachia] saw the Salt Sea of Sodom and Gomorrah. There is no herb there. As to the pillar of salt, he said that he did not see it and that it no longer existed. Nor did he see the stones which Joshua erected.
Ed. Yaari, p. 53; trans. E. N. Adler, Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages, p. 89
Petachia gives a similar description of access to the Cave of the Patriarchs (Maarat ha-Machpela) to that of Binyamin of Tudela, with some differences. He too recounts that the keeper of the Cave, a Christian, could be paid offโwith gold, so not an insubstantial bribeโto take the visitor inside. He mentions that there are fifteen steps between the outer and inner cave, and the thick iron barsโโthe like no man can make by earthly means but with heavenly help onlyโ (ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื)โcovering the entrance to the innermost cave. R. Petachia, our narrator says, was warned by the Jews of Akko (Acre) that the Christians were mistaken about the location of the graves of the Avot (patriarchs). He finds them beyond the otherworldly iron gate, where an unforgiving wind blows between the bars. There, R. Petachia prays.
Reads and Resources
The Sivuv of R. Petachia can be read in this (good) 1905 edition by Lazar Grรผnhut and also in excerpted form in Avraham Yaariโs indispensable anthology, ืืกืขืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื (Tel Aviv, 1946), pp. 48-54. A substantial, though partial, English translation is available in Elkan Nathan Adlerโs Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages, which is an older book that includes an account, of one Ibn Chelo, that has been proven to a forgery, but is otherwise serviceable. (Its base text is Yaari.)
Joshua Prawerโs book The History of the Jews of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford, 1988) is the English version of the Hebrew mentioned above in the text. It includes attention to R. Petachiaโs account as well as much else gleaned from travel literature about the period.
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In the Hebrew article, โืชืืืืจื ืืกืข ืขืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืืฆืืื ืืชโ Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / ืงืชืืจื: ืืชืืืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืื, no. 41, 1986, pp. 65โ90; reprinted in the book ืชืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฆืืื ืื (ืื ืื ืฆืื, 2000) as chapter seven.



What an insightful essay that sheds light on the little-known travels of the illustrious Rabbi Petachia of Regensburg (Whom I'm ashamed to say I knew nothing about). A brilliant piece!